Viola tricolor

Synonymy

Source: Raab-Straube, E. von & Henning, T. (2018+): Violaceae. – In: Euro+Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

Viola tricolor L., Sp. Pl.: 935. 1753

=Viola nemausensis Jord., Observ. Pl. Nouv. 2: 10. 1846

=Viola luteola Jord., Pugill. Pl. Nov.: 27. 1852

=Viola kupfferi Klokov in Komarov, Fl. URSS 15: 683. 1949

=Viola tricolor subsp. faeroeënsis W. Becker

Content

Distribution

● AE(G) Ab(A N) Ag Al Ar Au(A L) BH Be(B L) Br Bu By ?Ca Cg Cm Co Cs Ct Da Es Fa Fe Ga(F) Ge Gg Gr Hb(E N) He Ho Hs(A S) Hu Is It La Lt Ma Mk Mo No Po Rf(C CS E K N NW S) Rm Sa Sk Sl Sn Sr Su Tn Tu(A E) Uk [Ca(G P T) IJ LS]

Euro+Med endemic: Albania nativeA,B,C,D,E,F; Algeria nativeG; Armenia nativeH; Austria, with Liechtenstein native ‒ nativeC (Austria native ‒ nativeI,J, Liechtenstein native ‒ nativeK); Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan (core) native ‒ nativeL, Nakhchivan native ‒ nativeL); Belarus native ‒ nativeM,N,O; Belgium, with Luxembourg native ‒ nativeC (Belgium native ‒ nativeP,Q, Luxembourg nativeP,Q,R); Bosnia-Herzegovina native ‒ nativeS; Bulgaria native ‒ nativeC,T,U,V; Canary islands native: presence questionableW (Gomera introducedX, La Palma introducedX, Tenerife introducedX); Corsica native ‒ nativeC,Y; Crimea native ‒ nativeC; Croatia native ‒ nativeAA,AB,S,Z; Czech Republic native; Denmark native ‒ nativeAC,AD,C; East Aegean islands (Greek East Aegean islands native); Estonia native ‒ nativeAE,M,N,O; Faroe islands native ‒ nativeC; Finland native ‒ nativeAD,AF,C; Former Yugoslavia native ‒ nativeC; France, with Channel is. and Monaco (France native ‒ nativeAG,C,P); Georgia native ‒ nativeAH,AI,AJ,AK,H; Germany native ‒ nativeAL,AM,AN,C,J; Great Britain native ‒ nativeC; Greece native ‒ nativeAO,AP,C; Hungary native ‒ nativeAQ,AR,C; Iceland native ‒ nativeAS,AT,AU,C; Ireland, with N Ireland native ‒ nativeC (Ireland native ‒ nativeAV, Northern Ireland native); Israel/Palestine-Jordan introducedAW; Italy, with San Marino and Vatican City native ‒ nativeAB,AX,C; Latvia native ‒ nativeAE,M,N,O; Lebanon-Syria introducedAW; Lithuania native ‒ nativeAE,M,N,O; Moldova native ‒ nativeAY; Montenegro native ‒ nativeS; Morocco nativeAZ; Netherlands native ‒ nativeBA,C; North Macedonia native ‒ nativeS; Norway native ‒ nativeAD,BB,C; Poland native ‒ nativeBC,BD,C; Romania native ‒ nativeBE,BF,BG,C; Russia (C European Russia native ‒ nativeM,N,O, E European Russia native ‒ nativeM,N,O, Kaliningrad region native ‒ nativeBH,M,N,O, N European Russia native ‒ nativeBI,M,N,O, NW European Russia native ‒ nativeBJ,M,N, North Caucasus native ‒ nativeH, S European Russia native); Sardinia nativeBK; Serbia, with Kosovo native ‒ nativeBL,S; Sinai nativeAW,BM,BN,BO; Slovakia native ‒ nativeBP,BQ,BR; Slovenia native ‒ nativeAB,BS,S; Spain, with Gibraltar and Andorra native ‒ nativeC (Andorra native, Spain native ‒ nativeBT); Sweden native ‒ nativeAD,BU,BV,C; Switzerland native ‒ nativeBW,BX,BY,C,J; Tunisia nativeBZ; Turkey (Turkey, Asiatic part nativeCA,CB, Turkey-in-Europe native ‒ nativeC,CB); Ukraine native ‒ nativeN,O; Ukraine, with Crimea native ‒ nativeCC,CD,M

Common Names

Aragonese (Spain): pensamientosCE; Basque (Spain): papantzeaCE, papantzuCE, pentsamendu hirukoloreCE; Catalan; Valencian (Spain): herba de la TrinitatCE, pensamentCE, pensament de campCE, pensament verCE, pensamenteraCE, pensamentiCE, pensamentsCE, viola de la Mare de DéuCE; Finnish (Finland): keto-orvokkiCF; Galician (Spain): amor-perfeito-bravoCE, flor seráficaCE, flor seráticaCE, herba da TrindadeCE, herba da trinidadeCE, herba-da-TrinidadeCE, pensamentoCE, pensamientosCE, trinitariaCE, violaCE; Majorcan (Mallorca): pensamentCE, pensamentsCE; Portuguese (Portugal): amor perfeitoCE, amor perfeito bravoCE, amor-perfeitoCE, amor-perfeito-bravoCE, erva-da-trindadeCE, erva-seráficaCE, flor seraphicaCE, flor seráficaCE, flor-seráficaCE, herba da TrindadeCE, herba da TrinidadeCE, herba-da-TrinidadeCE, serafimsCE, violasCE, violetaCE, violeta de tres coresCE; Spanish; Castilian (Spain): amor perfectoCE, flor de TrinidadCE, flor de la TrinidadCE, nuerasCE, papantzeaCE, pensamientoCE, pensamiento de jardínCE, pensamiento silvestreCE, pensamientosCE, pensielesCE, pensieresCE, pensiesCE, pensilesCE, piensamientoCE, pincelesCE, suegrasCE, suegras y nuerasCE, trinitariaCE, trinitaria de MadridCE, trinitaria finaCE, trinitaria granadinaCE, trinitariasCE, violeta sin olorCE, violetas de tres coloresCE; Swedish (Sweden & Finland): styvmorsviolCF; Valencian (Spain): pensamentCE

Bibliography

A. Barina, Z. 2017: Distribution atlas of vascular plants in Albania. – Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum

B. Demiri, M. 1983: Flora ekskursioniste e shqipërisë. – Tiranë: Shtëpia Botuese e Librit Shkollor

C. Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. 1964–1980: Flora europaea 1-5. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

D. Vangjeli, J. 2003: Udhëheqës fushor i florës së Shqipërisë. – Tiranë

E. Vangjeli, J. 2015: Excursion Flora of Albania

F. Vangjeli, J. 2017: Flora Albanica. Atlas 1. – Schmitten-Obereifenberg: Koeltz

G. Quézel, P. A. & Santa, S. 1963: Nouvelle flore de l’Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales 2. – Paris

H. Takhtajan, A. L. 2012: Konspekt flory Kavkaza 3(2). – Sankt-Peterburg & Moskva

I. Adler, W., Oswald, K. & Fischer, R. 1994: Exkursionsflora von Österreich. – Stuttgart & Wien

J. Hegi, G. 1975: Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa, ed. 2, V

K. Broggi, M. F., Waldburger, E. & Staub, R. 2006: Rote Liste der gefährdeten und seltenen Gefässpflanzen des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 2006. – Naturkundliche Forschung im Fürstentum Liechtenstein 24

L. Karjagin, I. I. 1955: Flora Azerbajdžana 6. – Baku: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk Azerbajdžanskoj SSR (as Viola nemausensis Jord.)

M. Fedorov, A. A. 1996: Flora Europae Orientalis 9. – Petropoli: Mir i Semia-XCV

N. Tzvelev, N. N. & Geltman, D. V. (ed.) 2012: Conspectus Florae Europae Orientalis 1. – Petropoli

O. Tzvelev, N. N. 1996: Flora vostočnoj Evropy 9. – Sankt-Peterburg

P. Lambinon, J. & Verloove, F. 2012: Nouvelle Flore de la Belgique, du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, du nord de la France et des régions voisines (Ptéridophytes et Spermatophytes), ed. 6. – Meise

Q. van Rompaey, E. & Delvosalle, L. 1979: Atlas de la flore Belge et Luxembourgeoise. Ptéridophytes et Spermatophytes, ed. 2. – Meise

R. Colling, G. 2005: Red List of the Vascular Plants of Luxembourg. – Ferrantia 42

S. Trinajstić, I. (ed.) 1975: Flora analitica Jugoslaviae 2(1). – Zagreb: Institut za botaniku sveučilišta u Zagrebu

T. Andreev, N. , Ančev, M. , Kožuharov, S. I. , Markova, M. , Peev, D. & Petrova, A. 1992: Opredelitel na visšite rastenija v Bălgarija. – Sofija: Nauka i izkustvo

U. Assyov, B., Petrova, A., Dimitrov, D. & Vassilev, R. 2012: Konspekt na visšata flora na Bălgarija, ed. 4. – Sofija

V. Jordanov, D. 1979: Flora na Narodna Republika Bălgarija 7. – Sofija

W. Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. 2013: Index synonymique de la flore d'afrique du nord 5. – Genève

X. Acebes Ginovés, J. R. & al. 2010: Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta, pp. 119-172. – In: Arechavaleta, M., Rodríguez, S., Zurita, N. & García, A., Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias. Hongos, plantas y animales terrestres. 2009. – Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Y. Gamisans, J. 1985: Catalogue des plantes vasculaires de la Corse. – Ajaccio

Z. Nikolić, T. 1997: Flora Croatica, Index Florae Croaticae Pars 2. – Zagreb: Croatian Natural History Museum

AA. Nikolić, T. 2020: Flora Croatica. Vaskularna flora Republike Hrvatske 3. – Zagreb

AB. Rottensteiner, W. K. 2014: Exkursionsflora für Istrien. – Klagenfurt

AC. Hansen, K. 1993: Dansk feltflora. – København

AD. Jonsell, B. & Karlsson, T. 2010: Flora Nordica 6. – Stockholm

AE. Laasimer, L., Kuusk, V., Tabaka, L. & Lekavičius, A. (ed.) 1996: Flora of the Baltic countries 2. – Tartu: Estonian Academy of Sciences

AF. Hämet-Ahti, L., Suominen, J., Ulvinen, T. & Uotila, P. 1998: Retkeilykasvio, ed. 4. – Helsinki

AG. Guinochet, M. & Vilmorin, R. de 1982: Flore de France 4. – Paris

AH. Gagnidze, R. 2005: Vascular plants of Georgia. A nomenclatural checklist. – Tbilisi (as Viola kupfferi Klokov)

AI. Gagnidze, R. 2005: Vascular plants of Georgia. A nomenclatural checklist. – Tbilisi (as Viola nemausensis Jord.)

AJ. Kec'xoveli, N. 1984: Flora Gruzii, ed. 2, 9. – Tbilisi: Metzniereba (as Viola kupfferi Klokov)

AK. Kec'xoveli, N. 1984: Flora Gruzii, ed. 2, 9. – Tbilisi: Metzniereba (as Viola nemausensis Jord.)

AL. Rothmaler, W. H. P. 1994: Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, 4. Gefäßpflanzen: Kritischer Band, ed. 8. – Jena, Stuttgart

AM. Rothmaler, W. H. P. 2000: Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, 3. Gefäßpflanzen: Atlasband, ed. 10. – Heidelberg, Berlin

AN. Wisskirchen, R. & Haeupler, H. 1998: Standardliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. – Stuttgart

AO. Bergmeier, E., Sakellarakis, F.-N., Strid, A. & Swinkels, C. 2020: New additions to the flora of Prespa, Greece. – Phytologia Balcanica 26: 103-130

AP. Dimopoulos, P., Raus, Th., Bergmeier, E., Constantinidis, T., Iatroú, G., Kokkini, S., Strid, A. & Tzanoudakis, D. 2013: Vascular Plants of Greece. An annotated checklist. – Englera 31

AQ. Horváth, F., Dobolyi, Z. K., Morschhauser, T, Lőkös, L., Karas, L. & Szerdahelyi, T. 1995: Flóra adatbázis 1.2. Taxon-lista és attribútum allomány. – Vácrátót

AR. Simon, T. 1992: A magyarországi edényes flóra határozója. Harasztok - virágos növények. – Budapest

AS. Kristinsson, H. 1987: A Guide to the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Iceland. – Rejkjavik

AT. Löve, Á. 1983: Flora of Iceland. – Reykjavik (as Viola tricolor subsp. faeroeënsis W. Becker)

AU. Löve, Á. 1983: Flora of Iceland. – Reykjavik

AV. Webb, D. A., Parnell, J. & Doogue, D. 1996: An Irish Flora. – Dundalk

AW. Post, G. E. 1932: Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai, ed. 2, 1

AX. Pignatti, S. 1982: Flora d'Italia 2

AY. Gejdeman, T. S. 1986: Opredelitel' vysših rastenij Moldavskoj SSR, ed. 3. – Kisinev: Shtiintza

AZ. Jahandiez, É. & Maire, R. C. J. E. 1932: Catalogue des plantes du Maroc 2. – Alger

BA. Meijden, R. van der 1990: Heukels' Flora van Nederland, ed. 21. – Groningen

BB. Lid, D. T. 1994: Norsk Flora, ed. 6. – Oslo

BC. Mirek, Z. 1995: Vascular plants of Poland. A Checklist. – Polish Botanical Studies Guidebook Series 15

BD. Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkova, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M. 2002: Flowering plants and pteridophytes of Poland. A Checklist. – Biodiversity Poland 1

BE. Ciocârlan, V. 2009: Flora Ilustrată a României: Pteridophyta et Spermatophyta. – Bucureşti

BF. Ciocîrlan, V. 1988: Flora Ilustrata a României 1. – Bucureşti: Editura Ceres

BG. Oprea, A. 2005: Lista critică a plantelor vasculare din România. – Iaşi

BH. Dedkov, V. P. (ed.) 1999: Konspekt sosudistyh rastenij Kaliningradskoj Oblasti. – Kaliningrad

BI. Tolmatchew, A. I. 1980: Flora arctica URSS 8. – Moskva & Leningrad

BJ. Tzvelev, N. N. 2000: Opredelitel’ sosudistyhrastenij severo-zapadnoj Rossii (Leningradskaja, Pskovskaja i Novgorodskaja oblasti). – Sankt Peterburg

BK. Arrigoni, P. V. 2010: Flora dell'isola di Sardegna 2. – Sassari: Carlo Delfino

BL. Josifović, M. 1972: Flora SR Srbije = Flore de la Republique Socialiste de Serbie 3. – Beograd: Academie Serbe des sciences et des arts

BM. Boulos, L. 2000: Flora of Egypt 2

BN. Boulos, L. 2009: Flora of Egypt checklist. Revised annotated edition. – Cairo: Al-Hadara Publishing

BO. Täckholm, V. 1974: Students’ flora of Egypt, ed. 2. – Beirut

BP. Dostál, J. 1989: Nová Kvetena CSSR 1

BQ. Kubát, K. 1992: Velky klúc na urcovanie vyssích rastlín II

BR. Marhold, K. & Hindák, F. 1998: Zoznam nižších a vyšších rastlín Slovenska. – Bratislava

BS. Martinčič, A. 1999: Mala flora Slovenije, ed. 3. – Ljubljana

BT. Bolòs, O. de, Vigo Bonada, J., Masalles, R. M. & Ninot, J. M. 1990: Flora manual dels països catalans. – Barcelona

BU. Karlsson, T. 1998: Förteckning över svenska kärlväxter. – Svensk botanisk tidskrift utgifven af svenska botaniska föreningen 91(5): 241-560

BV. Krok, T. O. B. N. & Almquist, S. O. I. 1994: Svensk Flora: Fanerogamer och ormbunksvaxter 27, ed. 27. – Stockholm

BW. Aeschimann, D. & Burdet, H. M. 1994: Flore de la Suisse, ed. 2. – Neuchâtel

BX. Hess, H. E. 1998: Bestimmungsschlüssel zur Flora der Schweiz und angrenzender Gebiete, ed. 4. – Basel, Boston & Berlin

BY. Hess, H. E., Landolt, E., Hirzel, R. & Baltisberger, M. 2010: Bestimmungsschlüssel zur Flora der Schweiz, ed. 6. – Basel: Birkhäuser

BZ. Pottier-Alapetite, G. 1981: Flore de la Tunisie 2. – Tunis

CA. Davis, P. H. 1965: Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands 1

CB. Güner, A. 2012: Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi. – Istanbul

CC. Mosyakin, S. L. & Fedoronchuk, M. M. 1999: Vascular plants of Ukraine. A nomenclatural checklist. – Kiev: M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

CD. Prokudin, J. N. 1987: Opredelitel’ vysših rastenij Ukrainy. – Kiev: Naukova Dumka

CE. anonymous 2010: Anthos. Information System of the plants of Spain. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC - Fundación Biodiversidad – http://www.anthos.es/ (as Viola tricolor L.)

CF. Kurtto, A., Lampinen, R., Piirainen, M. & Uotila, P. 2019: Checklist of the vascular plants of Finland. Suomen putkilokasvien luettelo. – Helsinki: Finnish Museum of Natural History LUOMUS (as Viola tricolor L.)